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There are some limits to what you can keep in a home without taking certain storage precautions, but they come from the Fire Marshall rather than the ATF. I don't remember exactly where they are, but you begin to get into the realm of storage precautions in what I call the "heavy/competition re-loader" space -- maybe 10,000 primers and 25# of powder or so...

But the requirements are pretty basic -- wood-lined storage cabinets and such.

For reference, an 8# "keg" of powder is typically about a gallon-sized jug--but you can put close to 12# of powder in one (They use a standard production HDPE jug these days). I once got in on a bulk deal on some powder that came in plastic bags inside cardboard boxes -- a 32# box of powder came to us in what looked like a hat-box, or a stacked pair of boot-boxes.